Recorded Group Seminars

Recent recorded seminars are listed below. For a playlist of all recorded seminars, see here.

Past talks

 

Taishi Kawamoto, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics - 03 November 2024

Title: A strategy for Proving the Strong Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis: Chaotic Systems and Holography.

Abstract: The strong eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) provides a sufficient condition for thermalization and equilibration. Although it is expected to hold in a wide class of highly chaotic theories, there are only a few analytic examples demonstrating the strong ETH in special cases, often through methods related to integrability. In this paper, we explore sufficient conditions for the strong ETH that may apply to a broad range of chaotic theories. These conditions are expressed as inequalities involving the long-time averages of real-time thermal correlators. Specifically, we consider bottom-up holographic models that satisfy these conditions under certain assumptions, which are expected to hold in these models.

Eugenio Bianchi, Pennsylvania State University - 26 November 2024

Title: Non-abelian symmetry-resolved entanglement.

Abstract: Symmetries play a fundamental role in isolated quantum systems as they result in conservation laws and constraints for physical quantities, including the entanglement entropy. In this talk, I discuss the interplay between locality, symmetries and entanglement. In particular, I show that, compared to the abelian case, new phenomena arise from the interplay of locality and non-abelian symmetry, such as the asymmetry of the entanglement entropy under subsystem exchange, which I show in detail by computing the Page curve of a many-body system with SU(2) symmetry.

Jeremy Butterfield, Cambridge; Daniel Vanzella, U São Paulo and IQOQI Vienna - 20 November 2024

Title: A frame-bundle formulation of quantum reference frames: from superposition of perspectives to superposition of geometries.

Abstract: Recent experimental advances suggest we may soon be able to probe the gravitational field of a mass in a coherent superposition of position states—a system which is believed to lie outside the scope of classical and semiclassical gravity. The recent theoretical literature has applied the idea of quantum reference frames (QRFs) to such a scenario. Here, we provide a new, fully geometric formulation of the core idea of QRFs, freeing its definition from unnecessary ingredients, such as coordinate systems. Our formulation is based on two main ideas: (i) a QRF encodes uncertainty about what is the observer’s perception of time and space at each spacetime point and (ii) one can specify a metric on a given manifold by stipulating that a basis one assigns at each tangent space is to be a tetrad in the metric one wants to specify. A QRF, defined here as the collection of complex amplitudes assigned to bases at spacetime points—i.e., a complex function defined on the bundle of bases of the manifold—can describe, in a local way, arbitrary superposition of geometries. We believe this formulation may shed some light on conceptual aspects and possible extensions of current ideas about QRFs.

Henrique Gomes, Oxford - 16 October 2024

Title: Gauge theory without principal bundles.

Abstract: In general relativity, the strong equivalence principle is underpinned by a geometrical interpretation of fields on spacetime: all fields and bodies probe the same geometry. This geometric interpretation implies that the parallel transport of all spacetime tensors and spinors is dictated by a single affine connection. Can something similar be said about gauge theory? Agreed, in gauge theory, different symmetry groups rule the interactions of different types of charges, so we cannot expect to find the same kind of universality found in the gravitational case. Nonetheless, the parallel transport of all the fields that are charged under the same symmetry group is dictated by a single `gauge connection', and they all transform jointly under a gauge transformation. Is this kind of `restricted universality' as geometrically underpinned as in general relativity? Here, I argue that, for gauge theory as it appears in the minimal standard model, before symmetry breaking, it is. The key difference to spacetime geometry is that the gauge geometry concerns `internal' vector spaces instead of `external' tangent spaces. The gauge symmetry of the standard model is thus understood as merely the automorphism group of an internal geometric structure---$\bb C^3\times \bb C^2\times \bb C^1$ endowed with an orientation and canonical inner product. Since the geometric picture proposed here is more restricted than the familiar treatment via principal and associated fiber bundles, I propose it may be used to narrow our searches beyond the standard model.

Shadi Ali Ahmad, NYU; Marc S. Klinger, U of Illinois - 8 October 2024

Title: Extended phase space, crossed products, and quantum reference frames as quantum geometry.

Abstract: Adjoining appropriate degrees of freedom to a system with a symmetry and then constraining the resultant total is an operation shared by three seemingly different concepts in physics: the extended phase space of gauge theories, the crossed product of quantum field theory, and relational quantum reference frames. In this presentation we demonstrate the links between these three ideas. To begin, we review previous work conjecturing that the quantization of an extended phase space is a crossed product algebra. We then provide a relational interpretation for the crossed product by appealing to a result known as the commutation theorem. The relational point of view raises a puzzle around the inability of a single crossed product to house inequivalent quantum reference frames. We present a resolution to this puzzle in terms of a superstructure called the G-framed algebra. Finally, we provide some remarks on how the extended phase space, crossed product, and G-framed algebra admit a unified mathematical description through quantum or non-commutative geometry. There, the extended phase space is a classical principal bundle, the crossed product is a trivial quantum principal bundle, and the G-framed algebra a quantum orbifold.

Antoine Rignon-Bret, CPT Marseille - 11 July 2024

Title: Covariant charges and fluxes at null infinity

Abstract: In this talk, I will review the application of Noether theorem to general relativity and the covariant phase space techniques to construct Noether charges and fluxes on spacetime boundaries. In particular, I will detail the Wald-Zoupas procedure and focus on the physical interpretation. I will show that the implementation of the procedure implies that the algebra of local Noether currents is free of cocycle. Then, I will focus on non-trivial examples at null infinity. I will implement the Wald-Zoupas procedure for BMS and eBMS boundary conditions, and argue that it cannot be implemented successfully for generalized BMS fall-off conditions. However, I will argue that it can be, at least partially, implemented for a symmetry group preserving different fall off conditions isomorphic to gBMS but with a different algebra.

Jan Głowacki, Oxford - 10 July 2024

Title: Towards Relational Quantum Field Theory

Abstract: In this talk, I will present the formalism of Relational Quantum Field Theory (RQFT), which arises from the operational approach to quantum reference frames (QRFs). Initially, I will introduce the QRF framework within the context of Special Relativity, utilizing the Poincaré group as the foundational symmetry structure. This approach yields a novel and relational perspective on the concept of a quantum field. I will then extend this perspective to curved geometries by substituting the Poincaré group with a Lorentz bundle. Furthermore, the formalism adeptly handles indefinite background geometries through its formulation within the context of frame bundles. Though still under development, RQFT opens up exciting new research avenues in the foundations of Quantum Field Theory (QFT) and beyond. By the conclusion of the talk, I will highlight several immediate research questions that I aim to explore in the future. This presentation is based on a recent preprint, which can be accessed at http://arxiv.org/abs/2405.15455.

Moisés Bermejo Morán, Jagiellonian U.; UL Brussels - 10 July 2024

Title: Polynomial optimization in quantum information

Abstract: The framework of polynomial optimization finds several applications in the field of quantum information, both to address fundamental questions and to design protocols with practical consequences. This talk will summarize techniques based on sum of squares decompositions and discuss some novel applications in the characterisation of nonlocality and uncertainty relations.

Sergio Aguilar Gutierrez, KU Leuven - 8 July 2024

Title: De Sitter space, complexity, and the double-scaled SYK model

Abstract: The cosmological horizon has an associated entropy suggesting that it might encode a quantum mechanical system on its surface. This has motivated extending the principles of the AdS /CFT correspondence to static patch holography in dS space. Some of our understanding of the AdS/CFT holography has been catalyzed by exploring the geometric duals to quantum information observables in the CFT side of the correspondence. In particular, holographic complexity captures the evolution of the black hole interior, which is conjectured to be dual to a measure of the difficulty in preparing a quantum circuit on the CFT side. Motivated by these developments, we will propose complexity observables defined in geometric terms for an asymptotically dS spacetime in arbitrary dimensions; as well as study concrete definitions of complexity in a particular dual microscopic theory, a pair of double-scaled SYK models obeying specific constraints, for which different hints point towards a duality with (Schwarzschild-)dS_3 space.

Tanay Kibe, IIT Madras - 8 July 2024

Title: Quantum thermodynamic bounds on holographic quenches

Abstract: Quantum thermodynamics is an active area of research that generalizes bounds on heat, work, etc. from classical thermodynamics to finite dimensional quantum systems. However, few results exist for quantum many-body systems. In this talk I will describe how the quantum null energy condition (QNEC) implements quantum thermodynamic restrictions on 1+1 dimensional holographic conformal field theories (CFT), in the form of strict lower and upper bounds on entropy production after a fast quench. Using QNEC we also bear upon the question of storage of quantum information at finite temperature in holographic CFTs without the need for active error correction. We study an explicit encoding of a logical qubit into two chirally propagating excitations of finite von-Neumann entropy on a finite temperature background whose erasure can be implemented by an appropriate inhomogeneous and instantaneous energy-momentum inflow from an infinite energy memoryless bath due to which the system transits to a thermal state. We show that the QNEC gives analytic results for the minimal finite temperature needed for the erasure, which is larger than the initial background temperature in consistency with Landauer's principle.

Guilia Maniccia, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg; Sapienza U. of Rome - 4 July 2024

Title: Reference fluids for quantum gravity in an effective paradigm

Abstract: Searching for a theory of Quantum Gravity may lead to unexpected effects on phenomena currently described by QFT on curved spacetime, such as black holes and the inflationary era. In this talk, I will focus on quantum-gravity-induced effects on QFT using a Born-Oppenheimer-like approach, which relies on the separation of scales between the gravitational sector and quantum matter components. Utilizing the reparametrized formulation of the reference system developed by Kuchař, I will introduce a clock through the "materialization" of a Gaussian frame as a fluid. I will demonstrate how to account for slow graviton fluctuations in the gravitational sector and how QFT emerges at an effective level following an appropriate gauge choice, including some cosmological implementations. This approach aims to deepen our understanding of time constructions within the Wheeler-deWitt framework, offering insights into an approach-independent formulation. Future developments of this model will explore potential connections between the parametrized frame proposal and the Quantum Reference Frames paradigm.

Michele Chirafici, University of Trieste; Institute for Geometry and Physics; INFN - 27 June 2024

Title: On the Nonequilibrium Dynamics of Gravitational Algebras

Abstract: I will discuss nonequilibrium features of certain operator algebras which appear in quantum gravity. In many cases the algebra of observables is a type II von Neumann algebra. I will review this statement and discuss how one can induce nonequilibrium dynamics by coupling the system to a reservoir. For example in this framework one can address the definition of entropy production and its relationship to relative entropy. If time permits I will also discuss how nonequilibrium dynamics is related to observers.

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Federico Piazza, CPT Marseille - 11 June 2024

Title: Anomalous causality and the relativity of the event in quantum gravity

Abstract: In gravity it proves convenient to identify the events by anchoring them to a set of free falling observers. This prescription has the advantage of naturally conveying the point of view of these observers. In the presence of metric fluctuations one can calculate average distances between the events in this frame, but these, I will show, are not geodesic distances of any metric and portray an interesting "average causal structure” that has no classical analogue. At the same time, coordinate transformations between frames become probabilistic in the presence of metric fluctuations. As an example I will consider the 1+1 dimensional model of JT gravity and discuss different localization in that framework. I will show that the location of the black hole horizon becomes blurred in most frames, in particular in the frame of free falling observers. For the sake of the argument, a more "made-up" example in linearized gravity will also be presented.

Dario Cafasso, U. Pisa - 30 May 2024

Title: Quantum time-dilation in qubit hypersurfaces

Abstract: The use of quantum spin systems to study the phenomenon of quantum time dilation leads to new insights into the quantum description of gravity. The basis of this description is the Page and Wootters mechanism, where entanglement between two quantum systems allows one to act as a clock for the other, influencing its time evolution. Intriguingly, when the clock system experiences a "gravitational-like interaction", the resulting time evolution can be described by a Time-Dilated Schrödinger equation. This equation includes a "redshift operator," a purely quantum effect that mimics gravitational time dilation. Here we discuss a novel, finite-dimensional framework in which a network of qubit systems can be used as a "global" clock for another non-interacting component of the universe. The result is the Time-Dilation induced Interaction Transfer (TiDIT) mechanism. TiDIT describes how time dilation due to the interaction of a qubit effectively changes the interaction between previously non-interacting parts of the universe. We will explore this concept with a practical example using two coupled qubits as a model for the quantum clock.

ChunJun (Charles) Cao, Virginia Tech - 20 May 2024

Title: Holographic magic

Abstract: Entanglement has been a pivotal concept in quantum manybody physics and quantum gravity. However, it alone does not capture the full quantum landscape. While entanglement gives the power beyond classical correlations, quantum advantage implies that there are systems that are easy to simulate on a quantum computer but hard classically. Empirically, this notion of classical hardness is connected to non-stabilizerness, which is colloquially known as magic. Magic provides a new window for understanding complex quantum systems in a way that is distinct from entanglement. In this talk, we will examine the role of magic in quantum manybody systems and discuss how the interplay between entanglement and magic is important for the spectral properties of a state and the emergence of gravity in AdS/CFT. In particular, we show that the amount of non-local magic in a holographic CFT is roughly proportional to how much the spacetime geometry reacts to changes in the stress energy of cosmic branes in the bulk. The talk is based on https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07056.

Mykhaylo Usatyuk, KITP Santa Barbara - 14 May 2024

Title: Closed universes in two-dimensional gravity

Abstract: Quantum gravity in spacetimes without asymptotic boundaries is poorly understood. In this talk we will study simple two dimensional models of closed universes using the gravitational path integral. We will construct a Hilbert space of closed universe states and show that wormhole effects are important when computing observables. The inclusion of wormholes reduces the dimension of the non-perturbative Hilbert space to one, giving a single closed universe state. We will comment on some properties of this unique state in holographic theories, and give a separate argument based on factorization.

Ronak M Soni, Cambridge - 7 May 2024

Title: Extremality as a consistency condition on subregion duality

Abstract: Extremality as a Consistency Condition on Subregion Duality: In JT gravity coupled to a CFT, I argue without using the path integral that the entanglement wedge of a boundary region is bounded by a quantum extremal surface (QES). For any candidate not bounded by a QES, a unitary in the complement can make reconstruction within the candidate inconsistent with boundary causality. The case without islands is a direct consequence of subregion duality, and the case with islands can also be dealt with with a stronger assumption. Based on arXiv:2403.19562

Ana Maria Raclariu, King's College London - 25 April 2024

Title: Entanglement, soft modes and celestial holography

Abstract: In this talk I will revisit the calculation of entanglement entropy in free Maxwell theory in 3+1 dimensional Minkowski spacetime. I will characterize the soft sector associated with a subregion and demonstrate that conformally soft mode configurations at the entangling surface, or equivalently correlated fluctuations in the large gauge charges of the subregion and its complement, give a non-trivial contribution to the entanglement entropy across a cut of future null infinity. I will conclude with some comments on the holographic description of bulk subregions in asymptotically flat spacetimes.

Anne-Catherine de la Hamette, IQOQI Vienna - 10 April 2024

Title: Identification is Pointless: Quantum Reference Frames, Localisation of Events, and the Quantum Hole Argument.

Abstract: A first step towards scenarios at the interface of quantum theory and gravity is to consider a quantum superposition of semiclassical spacetimes, such as the one - arguably - sourced by a gravitating object in superposition. But what does it mean that a gravitational source is in a superposition of “different” locations? How can one compare points across the different manifolds? Due to the diffeomorphism invariance of general relativity, there is a priori no notion of the “same” or “different” points across the branches. In fact, there are multiple ways of relating points or events on the different spacetimes. Here, we make this concrete by using coincidences of four scalar fields to construct a comparison map between all spacetimes in superposition, which allows us to determine whether a system or an event is located at the “same” or “different” points across the branches. Different choices of scalar fields can be understood as different instantiations of quantum reference frames (QRFs), connecting the construction to recent research in the field of quantum foundations. As explicit applications of this formalism, we explore how the localisation of events is relative to the choice of QRF and will discuss the implications thereof for indefinite causal order and the locality of interaction. After examining the construction of relational observables, we conclude with a quantum generalization of the famous hole argument. This argument calls into question the metaphysical meaning of not just spacetime points but also the identification between spacetime points across manifolds in superposition.

Johanna Borissova, Perimeter Institute - 25 Mar 2024

Title: Area metric gravity: covariant actions and effective graviton propagators.

Abstract: Area metric gravity is a generalized approach to spacetime geometry traditionally described in terms of a length metric. After introducing the notion of an area metric and reviewing some of the evidence for the relevance of area metrics in loop quantum gravity and spin foams, I will focus on the perturbative construction of area metric Lagrangians guided by the requirement of general covariance. In particular, I will discuss the most general second-order quadratic Lagrangian for area metric fluctuations, which can be decomposed into fluctuations of a length metric and of additional non-length degrees of freedom. Integrating out the latter leads to effective actions for the length metric fluctuations. These reproduce the Einstein-Hilbert action to lowest order and exhibit a nonlocal correction quadratic in the Weyl curvature. For a subset of the parameter space of area metric Lagrangians with degenerate kinetic term, the effective graviton propagator is ghostfree and parametrized by two couplings whose analogues in the continuum limit of spin foams are the Barbero-Immirzi (BI) parameter and a combination of the BI parameter and the Planck mass. Finally, I will discuss a peculiarity in the formulation of perturbative area metric gravity in Euclidean versus Lorentzian signature and comment on its implications for the stability of these theories.

Masahiro Hotta, Tohoku University - 19 Mar 2024

Title: Particle detectors and purification partners for the observed particles

Abstract: In quantum field theory, the term "particle" is defined as that which is observed by a particle detector, as emphasized by Unruh and DeWitt. We present a general formula for determining a complementary purification particle corresponding to the particle observed by the detector. The results can be applied to Hawking particles from black holes and moving mirrors, and cosmic particles arising from the spontaneous generation facilitated by the expansion of spacetime within universes Additionally, we shall provide commentary on its application to experiments involving flying mirrors (AnaBHWL Project) and quantum Hall edge currents (Tohoku University).

Aaron Poole, Kyung See University - 18 Mar 2024

Title: Thermodynamics of accelerating AdS4 black holes from the covariant phase space

Abstract: Thermodynamics of accelerating AdS4 black holes from the covariant phase space

José Padua-Argüelles, Perimeter Institute - 20 Feb 2024

Title: De Sitter horizon entropy from a simplicial Lorentzian path integral.

Abstract: Can one compute thermodynamic quantities, such as entropy, with a Lorentzian path integral? Using a regularization of the path integral via Regge calculus, we will see that the answer is affirmative. Irregularities in the light cone structure, e.g. configurations with contractible closed timelike curves, play an essential role for this conclusion. Such light cone irregularities contribute imaginary terms to the gravitational action, which can lead to an enhancing effect and explain how one can obtain a positive entropy from a real-time path integral. We will discuss how Regge calculus deals with these singularities and allows for an explicit treatment of the path integral for the partition function computing the dimension of the Hilbert space of a 3-ball, from which one can extract the de Sitter entropy.

Bianca Dittrich, Perimeter Institute - 5 Feb 2024

Title: The (simplicial) Lorentzian quantum gravity path integral

Abstract: I will discuss the Lorentzian quantum gravity path integral a la Regge, that is the gravitational path integral regularized via a triangulation. A main ingredient is the definition of a Lorentzian Regge action. We will see that this action can include imaginary terms, with a very interesting geometrical interpretation. These imaginary terms are connected to branch cuts along the Lorentzian contour. Contrary to expectations, the Lorentzian path integral comes therefore with ambiguities, namely the choice of how to navigate the branch cut. Such ambiguities appear also in continuum minisuper-space treatments, but are rather hidden in the choice of how to navigate an essential singularity, and have led to an intensive debate on the existence of the no-boundary wave function. The Regge framework does shed light on this debate and offers also a surprising interpretation of these imaginary terms.

Germain Tobar, U Stockholm - 11 Dec 2023

Title: Detecting single gravitions with quantum sensing

Abstract: The quantization of gravity is widely believed to result in gravitons -- particles of discrete energy that form gravitational waves. But their detection has so far been considered impossible. Here we show that signatures of single gravitons can be observed in laboratory experiments. We show that stimulated and spontaneous single-graviton processes can become relevant for massive quantum acoustic resonators and that stimulated absorption can be resolved through continuous sensing of quantum jumps. We analyze the feasibility of observing the exchange of single energy quanta between matter and gravitational waves. Our results show that single graviton signatures are within reach of experiments. In analogy to the discovery of the photo-electric effect for photons, such signatures can provide the first experimental evidence of the quantization of gravity.

 

Eugenia Colafranceschi, UC Santa Barbara - 5 Dec 2023

 

Title: Algebras, Hilbert spaces and entropy from the gravitational path integral

Abstract: Recent works by Chandrasekaran, Penington and Witten have shown in various special contexts that the quantum-corrected Ryu-Takayanagi (RT) formula can be understood as computing an entropy on an algebra of bulk observables. These arguments do not rely on the existence of a holographic dual field theory. We show that analogous-but-stronger results hold in any UV-completion of asymptotically anti-de Sitter quantum gravity with a Euclidean path integral satisfying a simple and familiar set of axioms. In particular, the path integral defines type I von Neumann algebras of bulk observables acting on compact closed codimension-2 asymptotic boundaries, as well as entropies on these algebras. Such entropies can be written in terms of standard density matrices and standard Hilbert space traces, and in appropriate semiclassical limits are computed by the RT-formula with quantum corrections. Our work thus provides a Hilbert space interpretation of the Ryu-Takayanagi entropy. Since our axioms do not severely constrain UV bulk structures, they may be expected to hold equally well for successful formulations of string field theory, spin-foam models, or any other approach to constructing a UV-complete theory of gravity.

Rodrigo Andrade E Silva, U Maryland - 27 Nov 2023

Title: Quantization of causal diamonds in 2+1 dimensional gravity.

Abstract: We develop the non-perturbative reduced phase space quantization of causal diamonds in (2+1)-dimensional gravity with a nonpositive cosmological constant. The system is defined as the domain of dependence of a spacelike topological disk with fixed boundary metric. By solving the constraints in a constant-mean-curvature time gauge and removing all the spatial gauge redundancy, we find that the phase space is the cotangent bundle of $Diff^+(S^1)/PSL(2, \mathbb{R})$, i.e., the group of orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms of the circle modulo the projective special linear subgroup. Classically, the states correspond to causal diamonds embedded in $AdS_3$ (or $Mink_3$ if $\Lambda = 0$), with a fixed corner length, that have the topological disk as a Cauchy surface. Because this phase space does not have a natural linear structure, a generalization of the standard canonical (coordinate) quantization is required. In particular, since the configuration space is a homogeneous space for a Lie group, we apply Isham's group-theoretic quantization scheme. The Hilbert space of the associated quantum theory carries an irreducible unitary representation of the $BMS_3$ group, and can be realized by wavefunctions on a coadjoint orbit of Virasoro with labels in irreducible unitary representations of the corresponding little group. A surprising result is that the twist of the diamond boundary loop is quantized in terms of the ratio of the Planck length to the boundary length.

Bilyana Tomova, OIST - 21 Nov 2023

Title: Asymptotic Symmetries of Gravity

Elliott Gesteau, Caltech - 15 Nov 2023

Title: Large N von Neumann algebras and the renormalization of Newton's constant.

Markus Fröb, Leipzig - 13 Nov 2023

Title: Invariant observables in quantum gravity and graviton loop corrections to the Hubble rate and the Newtonian potential.

Abstract: I present work done in the last years on the construction of dynamical coordinate systems for highly symmetric backgrounds, such as Minkowski, de Sitter, and FLRW cosmologies, and which are needed in the relational approach to construct gauge-invariant observables in gravity. I show that it is possible to restrict the inevitable non-local contributions to the past light cone such that the obtained observables are causal. Lastly, I present some applications, namely the leading quantum gravitational corrections to the local expansion rate of our universe (the Hubble rate) and the Newtonian gravitational potential. Based on arXiv:1711.08470, arXiv:1806.11124, arXiv:2108.11960, arXiv:2109.09753, and arXiv:2303.16218.

Åsmund Folkestad, MIT - 7 Nov 2023

Title: Subsystem independence in gravity

Abstract: In gravity, spacelike separated regions can be dependent on each other due to the constraint equations. In my talk, I will propose a natural definition of subsystem independence and gravitational dressing in classical gravity. Next, I show that extremal surfaces, generic trapped surfaces, and non-perturbative lumps of matter appear as features enabling subregion independence. For extremal surfaces, the underlying reason is that localized perturbations on one side of the surface contribute negatively to the mass on the other side, making the gravitational constraints behave as if there exist both negative and positive charges. This suggests a simple intuitive picture for why extremal surfaces tend to separate independent subsystems. It also supports the consistency of islands in massless gravity and provides hints on the nature of the split property in perturbatively quantized general relativity. I comment on connections to recent work on von Neumann algebras.

Francesco Sartini, OIST - 30 Oct 2023

Title: Hidden symmetries in cosmology and black holes

Abstract: Homogenous cosmological models and black holes belong to classes of space-time metrics defined in terms of a finite number of degrees of freedom. For these, the dynamics reduces to a one-dimensional mechanical model. It is then easy to investigate their classical symmetries and the corresponding conserved charges. These dynamical symmetries have a geometric interpretation, not in terms of spacetime geometry, but in terms of motion on the field space. Moreover, they interplay with the fiducial scales, introduced to regulate the homogeneous model, suggesting a relationship with the boundary structure of the full theory. Finally, I will describe a framework where the connection between these symmetries and the boundary structures can be made more explicit, thanks to the inclusion of inhomogeneities.

Gautam Satishchandran, Princeton - 24 Oct 2023

Title: Generalized Black Hole Entropy is Von Neumann Entropy

Abstract: It was recently shown that the von Neumann algebras of observables dressed to the mass of a Schwarzschild-AdS black hole or an observer in de Sitter are Type II, and thus admit well-defined traces. The von Neumann entropies of "semi-classical" states were found to be generalized entropies. However, these arguments relied on the existence of an equilibrium (KMS) state and thus do not apply to, for example, black holes formed from gravitational collapse, Kerr black holes, or black holes in asymptotically de Sitter space. In this talk, I will show that the algebra of observables in the “exterior” of any Killing horizon always contains a Type II factor "localized" on the horizon and, consequently, the entropy of semi-classical states is the generalized entropy. I will illustrate this with two examples of (1) a black hole in asymptotically flat spacetime and (2) black holes in asymptotically de Sitter. In all cases, the von Neumann entropy for semiclassical states is given by the generalized entropy. More generally, our results suggest that in all cases where there exists another "boundary structure" (e.g., an asymptotic boundary or another Killing horizon) the algebra of observables has no maximum entropy state and in the absence of such structures (e.g., de Sitter) the algebra contains a maximum entropy state.

Jinzhao Wang, Stanford - 17 Oct 2023

Title: What exactly does Bekenstein Bound?

Abstract: The Bekenstein bound posits a maximum entropy for matter with finite energy confined to a spacetime region. It is often interpreted as a fundamental limit on the information that can be stored by physical objects. In this work, we test this interpretation by asking whether the Bekenstein bound imposes constraints on a channel's communication capacity, a context in which information can be given a mathematically rigorous and operationally meaningful definition. We study specifically the Unruh channel that describes a stationary Alice exciting different species of free scalar fields to send information to an accelerating Bob, who is therefore confined to a Rindler wedge and exposed to the noise of Unruh radiation. We show that the classical and quantum capacities of the Unruh channel obey the Bekenstein bound. In contrast, the entanglement-assisted capacity is as large as the input size even at arbitrarily high Unruh temperatures. This reflects that the Bekenstein bound can be violated if we do not properly constrain the decoding operation in accordance with the bound. We further find that the Unruh channel can transmit a significant number of zero-bits, which are communication resources that can be used as minimal substitutes for the classical/quantum bits needed for many primitive information processing protocols, such as dense coding and teleportation. We show that the Unruh channel has a large zero-bit capacity even at high temperatures, which underpins the capacity boost with entanglement assistance and allows Alice and Bob to perform quantum identification. Therefore, unlike classical bits and qubits, zero-bits and their associated information processing capability are not constrained by the Bekenstein bound.

Antoine Rignon-Bret, CPT Marseille - 10 Oct 2023

Title: Charges on finite distance null hypersurface and dynamical entropies

Abstract: I will give an overview of the difficulties that we can encounter in order to define well behaved charges on null hypersurfaces at finite distance. I will discuss the covariance, and I will review the Wald Zoupas procedure, that I will apply to null hypersurfaces at finite distance. In particular, I will introduce a charge vanishing on a light cone which captures local gravitational radiation. From the charges selected by an extension of the Wald Zoupas procedure, I will define two different notions of dynamical entropies as Noether charges, which differ from the Bekenstein-Hawking entropies by terms proportional to the derivative of the area, and explain their physical interest.

Etera Livine, ENS Lyon - 1 Jun 2023

Title: Quantum Uncertainty as an Intrinsic Clock

Abstract: In light of the developping interface between quantum physics and gravitational physics, I will discuss the effective dynamics of the quantum uncertainty and the possibility of using the intrinsic quantumness of systems to tackle the problem of time in classical and quantum gravity.

Maximilian P. E. Lock, Atominstitut TU Wien - 16 May 2023

Title: Quantum measurements and equilibration: modelling the emergence of objectivity via entropy maximisation

Abstract: Textbook quantum physics features two types of dynamics: reversible unitary dynamics and irreversible measurements. The latter stands in conflict with the laws of thermodynamics and has evoked debate on what actually constitutes a measurement. With the help of modern quantum statistical mechanics, we take the first step in formalising the hypothesis that quantum measurements are instead driven by the natural tendency of closed systems to maximise entropy, a notion that we call the Measurement-Equilibration Hypothesis. In this paradigm, we investigate how objective measurement outcomes can emerge within an purely unitary framework, and find that: (i) the interactions used in standard measurement models fail to spontaneously feature emergent objectivity and (ii) while ideal projective measurements are impossible, we can (for a given form of interaction) approximate them exponentially well as we collect more physical systems together into an "observer system". We thus lay the groundwork for self-contained models of quantum measurement, and conclude by proposing some improvements to our simple scheme.

Mischa Woods, Inria, University of Grenoble and ETH Zurich - 11 May 2023

Title: Ultimate-precision quantum clocks: from mathematical characterization to light-matter implementations

Abstract: Quantum clocks are quantum analogues of classical clocks, i.e. devices which autonomously emit ticks at approximately regular intervals. Unlike for classical clocks, where both the register (i.e. the clockface) and the clockwork are classical, in a quantum clock only the register is classical. A clock is very accurate if its ticks are uniformly distributed over time. An important task is to characterize how accurate a clock can be as a function of relevant parameters such as dimension or energy and answer questions such as is there a quantum advantage to timekeeping? It was recently proven that there is a quadratic advantage from a dimension perspective (see [1] below). However, since the proof was an existence proof and not constructive, it was completely unknown how it could be realised. In particular, what environment was necessary and whether or not it was physical. In this talk I would review these results and talk about new research showing how the optimal quantum clock could be realised using light-matter interactions (see [2] below).

[1] Quantum clocks are more precise than classical ones [https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.3.010319]

[2] Quantum advantages in timekeeping: dimensional advantage, entropic advantage and how to realise them via Berry phases and ultra-regular spontaneous emission [https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10029]

Slides for Mischa's talk can be found here.

Thomas Mertens, Ghent University - 25 Apr 2023

Title: From JT to 3d pure gravity

Abstract: Taking inspiration from our understanding of 2d JT gravity, we develop aspects of 3d pure gravity. In particular, we propose an effective model of 3d pure gravity and discuss its factorization across entangling surfaces. Finally, we highlight some differences between gravity in its metric formulation and its first order gauge theoretic formulation, focussing on the underlying algebraic structure. Largely based on arXiv:2210.14196 and the earlier JT story in arXiv:1812.00918.

Wolfgang Wieland, IQG FAU Erlangen - 17 Apr 2023

Title: Edge modes and quantum reference frames in linearized gravity

Abstract: A common way to interpret the coordinate invariance of Einstein’s equations is to say that coordinates are a mere gauge redundancy and play no physical role themselves. This is no longer true when we restrict ourselves to subsystems localized in a compact but otherwise arbitrary domain. At the boundary of the domain, coordinate transformations are no longer gauge redundant. The then necessary boundary conditions brake the gauge symmetries of the theory in the bulk. Otherwise unphysical gauge redundancies take on physical meaning as physical boundary modes (edge modes). In my talk, I present two recent developments on this frontier. First of all, I will speak about how to connect the research on edge modes to the geometry of open systems, dissipation and entropy production via the framework of metriplectic geometry. The second part of the talk deals with perturbative gravity. Taking a decoupling limit, where the Newton constant is sent to zero, we characterize the local phase space of the gravitational field in a finite region. Phase space splits into radiation modes and additional edge modes that are dual to reference frames at the boundary. Taking the boundary to infinity, we obtain a new quantum representation of asymptotic symmetries in perturbative gravity. The resulting infinite-dimensional group of boundary symmetries is the group of asymptotic Bondi–Metzner–Sachs (BMS) transformations at spacelike infinity. In this way, our results extend the existing notions of quantum reference frames and make them applicable to the framework of asymptotic symmetries and weak fields. The talk is based on [arXiv:2206.00029] and [arXiv:2302.11629]

Masahiro Hotta, Tohoku University - 29 Mar 2023

Title: How to derive quantum mechanics for a two-level spin by Stern-Gerlach experiments and its extenstion to multi-level systems

Abstract: In many texbooks on quantum mechanics such as those by J.J.Sakurai and J.Schwinger, the explanation of the Stern-Gerach experiments is typically used as a starting point for introducing fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics to readers. However, the Born rule and the existence of quantum superposition are presented merely as heuristic arguments or postulates. In this talk, we will derive them based on the following facts from the Stern-Gerlach experiments:

(1) Quantization of spin direction

(2) Vector property of spin expectation value

After that, we will extend the result to multi-level systems.

Kavan Modi, Monash University - 20 Mar 2023

Title: Quantum Chaos = Volume-Law Spatiotemporal Entanglement

Abstract: Chaotic systems are highly sensitive to a small perturbation, be they biological, chemical, classical, ecological, political, or quantum. Taking this as the underlying principle, we construct an operational notion for quantum chaos. Namely, we demand that the whole future state of a large, isolated quantum system is highly sensitive to past multitime operations on a small subpart of that system. This immediately leads to a direct link between quantum chaos and volume-law spatiotemporal entanglement. Remarkably, our operational criterion already contains the routine notions, as well as the well-known diagnostics for quantum chaos. This includes the Peres-Loschmidt Echo, Dynamical Entropy, and Out-of-Time-Order Correlators. Our principle therefore unifies these existing diagnostics within a single structure. Within this framework, we also go on to quantify how several mechanisms lead to quantum chaos, such as unitary designs. Our work paves the way to systematically study exotic many-body dynamical phenomena like Many-Body Localisation, many-body scars, measurement-induced phase transitions, and Floquet dynamics. We anticipate that our work may lead to a clear link between the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis and quantum chaos.

Thomas Galley, IQOQI Vienna - 14 Mar 2023

Title: Any consistent coupling between classical gravity and quantum matter is fundamentally irreversible

Abstract: When gravity is sourced by a quantum system, there is tension between its role as the mediator of a fundamental interaction, which is expected to acquire nonclassical features, and its role in determining the properties of spacetime, which is inherently classical. Fundamentally, this tension should result in breaking one of the fundamental principles of quantum theory or general relativity, but it is usually hard to assess which one without resorting to a specific model. Here, we answer this question in a theory-independent way using General Probabilistic Theories (GPTs). We consider the interactions of the gravitational field with a single matter system, and derive a no-go theorem showing that when gravity is classical at least one of the following assumptions needs to be violated: (i) Matter degrees of freedom are described by fully non-classical degrees of freedom; (ii) Interactions between matter degrees of freedom and the gravitational field are reversible; (iii) Matter degrees of freedom back-react on the gravitational field. We argue that this implies that theories of classical gravity and quantum matter must be fundamentally irreversible, as is the case in the recent model of Oppenheim et al. [1]. We show that Mielinik’s statement in [2] that “either gravity is quantum or the electron is classical” holds only under the assumption of reversibility and argue that this assumption plays a key role in arguments for the quantisation of the gravitational field. Finally we will relate our result to existing work on quantum-classical couplings, such as [3], highlighting the operational framework used in our work and the advantages of a theory independent approach.

[1] A post-quantum theory of classical gravity? J Oppenheim - arXiv preprint arXiv:1811.03116, (2018)

[2] Generalized quantum mechanics, Bogdan Mielnik - Communications in Mathematical Physics volume 37, pages 221–256, (1974)

[3] Quantum approach to coupling classical and quantum dynamics, Lajos Diósi, Nicolas Gisin, and Walter T. Strunz Phys. Rev. A 61, 022108 (2000)

Markus Müller, IQOQI Vienna - 21 Feb 2023

Title: Theory-independent randomness generation with spacetime symmetries

Abstract: We introduce a class of semi-device-independent protocols based on the breaking of spacetime symmetries. In particular, we characterise how the response of physical systems to spatial rotations constrains the probabilities of events that may be observed: in our setup, the set of quantum correlations arises from rotational symmetry without assuming quantum physics. On a practical level, our results allow for the generation of secure random numbers without trusting the devices or assuming quantum theory. On a fundamental level, we open a theory-agnostic framework for probing the interplay between probabilities of events (as prevalent in quantum mechanics) and the properties of spacetime (as prevalent in relativity). Based on arXiv:2210.14811.

Mischa Woods, ETH Zurich - 13 Feb 2023

Title: A general framework for consistent logical reasoning in Wigner's friend scenarios: subjective perspectives of agents within a single quantum circuit

Abstract: It is natural to expect a complete physical theory to have the ability to consistently model agents as physical systems of the theory. In [Nat. Comms. 9, 3711 (2018)], Frauchiger and Renner (FR) claim to show that when agents in quantum theory reason about each other's knowledge in a certain Wigner's friend scenario, they arrive at a logical contradiction. In light of this, Renner often poses the challenge: provide a set of reasoning rules that can be used to program quantum computers that may act as agents, which are (a) logically consistent (b) generalise to arbitrary Wigner's friend scenarios (c) efficiently programmable and (d) consistent with the temporal order of the protocol. Here we develop a general framework where we show that every logical Wigner's friend scenario (LWFS) can be mapped to a single temporally ordered quantum circuit, which allows agents in any LWFS to reason in a way that meets all four criteria of the challenge. Importantly, our framework achieves this general resolution without modifying classical logic or unitary quantum evolution or the Born rule, while allowing agents' perspectives to be fundamentally subjective. We analyse the FR protocol in detail, showing how the apparent paradox is resolved there. We show that apparent logical contradictions in any LWFS only arise when ignoring the choice of Heisenberg cut in scenarios where this choice does matter, and taking this dependence into account will always resolve the apparent paradox. Our results establish that universal applicability of quantum theory does not pose any threat to multi-agent logical reasoning and we discuss the implications of these results for FR's no-go theorem. Moreover, our formalism suggests the possibility of a truly relational and operational description of Wigner's friend scenarios that is consistent with quantum theory as well as probability theory applied to measurement outcomes.

Takato Mori, Graduate U. Adv. Studies, SOKENDAI - 21 Dec 2022

Title: Entanglement distillation in tensor networks

Abstract: Tensor network provides a geometric representation of quantum many-body wave functions. Inspired by holography, we discuss a geometric realization of (one-shot) entanglement distillation for tensor networks including the multi-scale entanglement renormalization ansatz and matrix product states. We evaluate the trace distances between the ‘distilled' states and EPR states step by step and see a trend of distillation. If time permits, I will discuss my work in progress, the application to quantum computations and some possible interpretation as entanglement harvesting. This talk is based on my paper with H. Manabe and H. Matsueda, “Entanglement distillation toward minimal bond cut surface in tensor networks”, Phys.Rev.D 106 (2022) 8, 086008 and work in progress.

Hong Zhe Chen, Perimeter Institute - 6 Dec 2022

Title: Holography, the black hole information paradox, and branes / Asymptotic symmetries, entanglement, and holography

Abstract: This first half of my presentation will focus on the black hole information paradox --- the question of whether black holes destroy information. I will begin by introducing entanglement entropy and demonstrate how the information paradox arises semiclassically. Then, I will explain the exciting breakthroughs found recently (around 2019) in using AdS/CFT to (partially) resolve this paradox. This came with the discovery of `island' regions in black holes which are encoded by Hawking radiation. Finally, I will discuss the doubly-holographic brane world model studied in two of my papers [Chen:2020uac, Chen:2020hmv], which provide the first setups in which islands can be calculated analytically in dimensions greater than two. The second half of my presentation will discuss work in progress on asymptotic symmetries in asymptotically flat spacetime. After a motivational discussion in connection to other infrared phenomena in gauge theories, I will introduce asymptotic symmetries and their associated charges in the simplest context-free Maxwell theory. I will show how such long-distance concepts can be conformally mapped to more natural, or better studied short-distance ideas, namely: how asymptotic charge conservation is equated to a smoothness constraint on the trajectories of `image' sources passing through spacelike infinity; and how fluctuations of asymptotic charge restricted to a subregion of asymptotic null infinity are really just edge modes (which contribute to the entanglement entropy) of that region. Finally, I discuss how asymptotic charge conservation and the asymptotic entanglement structure of flat spacetime can be studied using holography (celestial and AdS/CFT).

Aidan Chatwin-Davies, University of British Columbia - 5 Dec 2022

Title: Information Theoretic Predictions for Quantum Gravitational Signals from Inflation

Abstract: The huge separation between the Planck scale and typical laboratory scales makes it extremely difficult to detect quantum gravitational effects; however, the situation is in principle much more favourable in cosmology. In particular, the Planck and Hubble scales were likely only separated by about 5 to 6 orders of magnitude during inflation. This motivates looking for present-day signatures of Planck-scale physics from the early universe. The question, then, is what quantum gravitational effects should we look for, and what are their observational signatures? Here I will discuss predictions for how an information theoretic, quantum gravity-motivated, natural UV cutoff manifests in primordial power spectra. The cutoff is model-independent, both in the sense that it does not rely on a particular UV completion of quantum gravity, nor does it assume a particular model of inflation. The predicted signature consists of small oscillations that are superimposed on the conventional primordial power spectra, where the template waveform is parameterized by the location of the cutoff between the Planck and Hubble scales. This will allow experiments to place new rigorous bounds on the scale at which quantum gravity effects become important.

Victor Godet, ICTS Bangalore - 5 Dec 2022

Title: Holography in (A)dS and the Wheeler-DeWitt equation

Abstract: In the first part of this talk, I will explain how the Wheeler-DeWitt equation implies a semi-classical version of holography in AdS. In the second part, I will describe how it can be solved for asymptotically de Sitter universes and its implications for de Sitter holography.

Eyoab Dejene Bahiru, SISSA - 2 Dec 2022

Title: Locality vs. perturbative quantum gravity

Abstract: Locality is a well established concept in quantum field theory. In general relativity, even though there are some subtleties, one can still understand it clearly. We will talk about tensions involving locality and perturbative quantum gravity. These tensions can be traced back to the gauge redundancies of general relativity and we will try to resolve them by defining local, diffeomorphism invariant operators in the context of AdS/CFT. This has several implications some of which will be discussed in the talk.

Simon Lin, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaigne - 1 Dec 2022

Title: Reflected entropy in random tensor networks

Abstract: Reflected entropy is a quantum informatic measure that is associated with the canonical purification, a generalization of the thermal field double. It is conjectured to be dual to twice the area of entanglement wedge (EW) cross-sections for holographic theories. In this talk I will discuss our attempt to verify the conjecture in random tensor networks (RTNs), a tensor network toy model for AdS/CFT. I will show that analytical calculations can be performed for simple networks consisting of one or two random tensors. These results are exact in the sense that they sum up the non-perturbative effects that smooths out the sharp jump of the reflected entropy near EW phase transition. I will also provide evidence that the conjecture is true for arbitrary networks, at least semiclassically. Finally, I will touch on the emergence of a type-II von Neumann algebra that arises during the computation of two random tensors, and the possible role it plays in the emergent bulk of the canonical purification.

Batoul Banihashemi, University of Maryland - 29 Nov 2022

Title: Quasilocal thermodynamics of cosmological horizons

Abstract: The entropy of de Sitter space was derived long ago by Gibbons and Hawking via a gravitational partition function. Since there is no boundary at which to define the temperature or energy of the ensemble, the statistical foundation of their approach deserves further study. To place the statistical ensemble on a firm footing we introduce an artificial “York boundary”, with either canonical or microcanonical boundary conditions, as has been done previously for black hole ensembles. The partition function and the density of states are expressed as integrals over paths in the constrained, spherically reduced phase space of pure 3+1 dimensional gravity with a positive cosmological constant. In the first part of my talk I briefly discuss issues related to the domain and contour of integration in the path integral, explain thermodynamic phases and (in)stability, and mention an evolving reservoir model that can stabilize the cosmological horizon in the canonical ensemble. In the second part of the talk I turn to the Gibbons-Hawking first law for the static patch of de Sitter space, according to which the entropy of the cosmological horizon is reduced by the addition of Killing energy. This raises the question how the thermodynamics of the static patch should be understood. I argue that the confusion arises because of a mistaken interpretation of the matter Killing energy as the total internal energy, and the puzzle is resolved when a proper thermodynamic ensemble is specified, again by introducing a system boundary. Finally, I explain how in the shrinking boundary limit the first law as well as the Gibbons-Hawking partition function on the 4-sphere is understood. I will also briefly discuss an upcoming work on deriving the horizon entropy from the Lorentzian path integral.

Jyotirmoy Mukherjee, Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore - 25 Nov 2022

Title: Entanglement entropy of gravitational edge modes

Abstract: We introduce the importance of edge modes in the evaluation of entanglement entropy of subregions in U(1) gauge theory. We evaluate the contribution of these modes towards the universal logarithmic coefficient of entanglement across a spherical spatial region in U(1) gauge theory in even d dimensions. We show that this agrees with the logarithmic divergent part of the edge Harish-Chandra character of the theory on the d-sphere. We then consider the theory of linearized gravitons in 4 space-time dimensions. Quantizing the theory in tensor spherical harmonics we evaluate the contribution of the edge modes of the graviton towards the entanglement of a spatial region. We observe that this coefficient coincides with that extracted from the edge Harish-Chandra character of the massless spin-2 field on the S^4.

Andrew Rolph, University of Amsterdam - 21 Nov 2022

Title: Quantum bit threads

Abstract: In this talk, I will describe a flow-based (bit thread) formulation of holographic entanglement entropy which is valid to all orders in $1/N$. The goal is to give a prescription that is equivalent to the quantum extremal surface prescription and the motivation is to understand developments in bulk entanglement, islands and black holes through the lens of bit threads. I will introduce and explain the proposal, give the proof of equivalence to the quantum extremal surface formula, describe how bit threads behave in doubly holographic models, and explain in what sense islands and bulk spacetime itself are emergent from the quantum bit thread perspective. Lastly, I will outline work in progress on covariant quantum bit threads, a generalisation to non-time-reflection-symmetric states, and applications of threads to entanglement in de Sitter and cosmology.

Francesco Sartini, ENS Lyon - 16 Nov 2022

Title: Hidden symmetries in cosmology and black holes

Abstract: Cosmological models and black holes belong to classes of space-time metrics defined in terms of a finite number of degrees of freedom, for which the Einstein–Hilbert action reduces to a one-dimensional mechanical model. We investigate their classical symmetries and the algebra of the corresponding Noether charges. These dynamical symmetries have a geometric interpretation, not in terms of spacetime geometry, but in terms of motion on the field space. Moreover, they interplay with the fiducial scales, introduced to regulate the homogenous model, suggesting a relationship with the boundary symmetries of the full theory. Finally, the existence of these symmetries unravels new aspects of the physics of black holes and cosmology. It opens the way towards a rigorous group quantization of the reduced models, to the study of their holographic properties and might have significant consequences on the propagation of test fields and the corresponding perturbation theory.

Yuki Yokokura, Riken - 15 Nov 2022

Title: Entropy-Area Law from Interior Semi-classical Degrees of Freedom

Abstract: In this talk, we focus on the interior of a most typical black hole and consider it as a bound state consisting of many semi-classical degrees of freedom. The distribution of their information determines the interior metric through the semi-classical Einstein equation. Then, the interior is a continuous stacking of AdS_2 times S^2 without horizon or singularity and behaves like a local thermal state. Evaluating the entropy density from thermodynamic relations and integrating it over the interior volume, the area law is obtained with the factor 1/4 for any interior degrees of freedom. Here, the dynamics of gravity plays an essential role in changing the entropy from the volume law to the area law. This should help us clarify the holographic property of black-hole entropy. [arXiv: 2207.14274]

Rifath Khan, Cambridge - 14 Nov 2022

Title: Asymptotic structure of GR

Abstract: In the Canonical theory of Quantum Gravity (CQG), states are given by the superposition of geometries on a Cauchy slice, called the Wheeler-DeWitt (WDW) states. On the other hand, the Holographic principle states that quantum gravity in d+1 spacetime dimensions is the same as a quantum field theory in d spacetime dimensions. In this talk, I will briefly review both of these and will explain how to reformulate CQG as a holographic theory by defining a new holographic dictionary that maps any state of the boundary field theory to a bulk WDW state. This dictionary is an isomorphism between the Hilbert space of CQG and holographic CFT. This also reformulates the holographic principle in a way that the dual field theory now lives on Cauchy slices of the bulk, hence applicable to dS and flat spacetimes too. I will then explain why this is a manifestly background independent theory of “effective” quantum gravity. Time permitting, I will also discuss UV completion of quantum gravity, emergence of classical spacetime from WDW states and its possible implications for the black hole information paradox and holographic cosmology. Based on work with Goncalo Araujo-Regado and Aron C. Wall: arXiv:2204.00591 and an upcoming paper.

Marc Geiller, ENS Lyon - 24 Oct 2022

Title: Cauchy Slice Holography

Abstract: I will review some recent developments in the investigation of the asymptotic structure of general relativity, and in particular the various extensions of the asymptotic symmetry group which have been proposed in the literature.

Steffen Gielen, University of Sheffield - 17 Oct 2022

Title: Unitarity and clock dependence in quantum cosmology

Abstract: I will discuss a clash between the notions of unitarity in quantum mechanics and general covariance in general relativity, using the example of a simple cosmological model. General relativity tells us that time evolution should be phrased in relational terms, by describing the change in a given variable relative to a "clock" which is itself a dynamical variable. There is then in general a "multiple choice problem" of which out of several candidates is to be selected as the clock; the cosmological model used here contains (at least) three possible clocks. Requiring unitary time evolution can lead to very different physical consequences depending on which clock is used. In our model this affects questions such as whether the classical Big Bang singularity is "resolved", or whether the Universe has a maximal size.

Bianca Dittrich, Perimeter Institute - 12 Oct 2022

Title: Progress and challenges for the Lorentzian quantum gravity path integral

Abstract: Euclidean quantum gravity approaches have a long history but suffer from a number of severe and persisting issues. This gives a strong motivation to push the development of Lorentzian approaches. The Lorentzian path integral allows to tackle many open and highly interesting questions about Lorentzian quantum space times and quantum causal structures. But Lorentzian path integrals in general come with taxing computational obstacles, and highly interesting, if challenging, conceptual questions. I will present progress in overcoming the computational obstacles and first results that address open conceptual questions.

Luca Marchetti, LMU Munich - 20 Sep 2022

Title: Emergent Cosmology from (T)GFT Condensates

Abstract: I will highlight some of the challenges related to the extraction of continuum physics from quantum gravity and I will discuss how they can be addressed with effective methods. More concretely, applying these techniques to the (T)GFT approach to quantum gravity, I will show how (homogeneous and slightly inhomogeneous) cosmological physics emerges from the collective behavior of microscopic quantum geometric degrees of freedom.

Slides for Luca's talk can be found here.

Miguel Campiglia, Universidad de la Rebública - 13 Sep 2022

Title: Symmetries of asymptotically flat spacetimes

Abstract: In this talk I will review the link between symmetries of asymptotically flat spacetimes and the low frequency limit of gravitational radiation. Building on well-established results, I will present some open problems and current efforts towards their resolution.

Jordan Francois, Univerity of Mons - 13 Jun 2022

Title: Presymplectic structure of gauge theories: boundaries, edge modes, variational connections and all that…

Abstract: The boundary problem is the failure to associate a symplectic structure to a gauge theory over a bounded region of spacetime. Two strategies to circumvent this problem have been much discussed in the recent literature: the edge modes approach by Donnelly & Freidel, and the connection approach by Gomes & Riello. Relying on the bundle geometry of field space, we attempt to make them more systematic, so as to facilitate comparison and to shed some light on conceptual aspects. We illustrate the general results with the standard examples of Yang-Mills theory, the Cartan formulation of General Relativity, and Chern-Simons theory -- thereby reproducing several results of the literature.

Alexandre Belin, CERN - 19 Apr 2022

Title: Quantum chaos, OPE coefficients and wormholes

Abstract: In this talk, I will discuss the statistical distribution of OPE coefficients in chaotic conformal field theories. I will present the OPE Randomness Hypothesis (ORH), a generalization of ETH to CFTs which treats any OPE coefficient involving a heavy operator as a pseudo-random variable with an approximate Gaussian distribution. I will then present some evidence for this conjecture, based on the size of the non-Gaussianities and on insights from random matrix theory. Turning to the bulk, I will argue that semi-classical gravity geometrizes these statistical correlations by wormhole geometries. I will show that the non-Gaussianities of the OPE coefficients predict a new connected wormhole geometry that dominates over the genus-2 wormhole.

Manus Visser, University of Geneva - 5 Apr 2022

Title: De Sitter Entropy and the Gravitational Path Integral

Abstract: Gibbons and Hawking famously derived the de Sitter horizon entropy from the Euclidean gravitational path integral in the saddle point approximation. This result is a crucial hint for quantum gravity in de Sitter space, as it suggests that the Hilbert space is finite dimensional. In this talk we extend this result in two different ways. First, we compute the entropy of de Sitter black holes from the on-shell Euclidean action, and take their contributions in the gravitational path integral into account using the formalism of constrained instantons. We use this to calculate the pair creation rate of arbitrary mass black holes in de Sitter space. Second, in two-dimensional de Sitter space we show how the generalized entropy (the sum of the classical gravitational entropy and matter entanglement entropy) can be obtained from an on-shell action for semiclassical dilaton gravity in the microcanonical ensemble. Minimizing the action yields extremizing the generalized entropy, consistent with the island formula.

Josiah Couch, Boston College - 29 Mar 2022

Title: Pants Decomposition as Circuit Complexity in 2D (T)QFT

Abstract: Motivated by the 'complexity = volume' and 'complexity = action' proposals of Susskind and collaborators, there have been many efforts over the past several years to study circuit complexity in the context of quantum field theory. I will present such an effort proposing that the pants decomposition of 2d manifolds gives a notion of complexity for 2D TQFTs, at least for states that can be prepared by Euclidean path integrals, along with related ideas. Based on https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.13427.

Antony Speranza, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign - 15 Mar 2022

Title: Local gravitational charges and their algebra

Abstract: Charges associated with diffeomorphisms constitute an important set of observables in gravitational theories. In this talk, I will give an overview of the construction of gravitational charges for local subregions using covariant phase space techniques. For diffeomorphisms with a transverse component to the boundary, the charges are “nonintegrable,” in the sense that they fail to satisfy Hamilton’s equation due to the presence of fluxes, but can be defined via the Wald-Zoupas procedure. I will specifically emphasize that the ambiguities inherent in the Wald-Zoupas construction, as well as those present in covariant phase space constructions, can be fully resolved by a choice of action for the spacetime subregion. An algebra for the charges can be defined by their Poisson bracket on the subregion phase space, and I will show that this reproduces the bracket previously postulated by Barnich and Troessaert, thereby giving a novel derivation of this bracket from first principles. Finally, I will describe a related construction of gravitational charges using the extended phase space, in which additional edge mode degrees of freedom are included in the description. The extended phase space construction yields Hamiltonian (i.e. “integrable”) charges without employing the Wald-Zoupas procedure, and I further show that ambiguities in this construction are again resolved by appealing to the variational principle associated with the subregion action.

Jinzhao Wang, ETH Zurich - 7 Mar 2022

Title: The black hole information puzzle and the quantum de Finetti theorem

Abstract: The black hole information puzzle arises from a discrepancy between conclusions drawn from general relativity and quantum theory about the nature of the radiation emitted by a black hole. According to Hawking's original argument, the radiation is thermal and its entropy thus increases monotonically as the black hole evaporates. Conversely, due to the reversibility of time evolution according to quantum theory, the radiation entropy should start to decrease after a certain time, as predicted by the Page curve. This decrease has been confirmed by new calculations based on the replica trick, which also exhibit its geometrical origin: spacetime wormholes that form between the replicas. Here we analyse the discrepancy between these and Hawking's original conclusions from a quantum information theory viewpoint, using in particular the quantum de Finetti theorem. The theorem implies the existence of extra information, W, which is neither part of the black hole nor the radiation, but plays the role of a reference. The entropy obtained via the replica trick can then be identified to be the entropy S(R|W) of the radiation conditioned on the reference W, whereas Hawking's original result corresponds to the non-conditional entropy S(R). The entropy S(R|W), which mathematically is an ensemble average, gains an operational meaning in an experiment with N independently prepared black holes: For large N, it equals the regularized entropy of their joint radiation, S(R1⋯RN)/N. The discrepancy between this entropy and S(R) implies that the black holes are correlated, that is geometrically captured by the replica wormholes. I will also comment on the ensemble interpretation of the replica trick calculation. (Based on the joint work (arxiv.org/abs/2110.14653) with Renato Renner.)

Lucas Hackl, University of Melbourne - 28 Feb 2022

Title: Volume-law entanglement entropy of typical pure quantum states

Abstract: In this talk, I will discuss the statistical properties of entanglement entropy, which serves as a natural measure of quantum correlations between a subsystem and its complement. Entanglement is a defining feature of quantum theory and understanding its statistical properties has applications in many areas of physics (quantum information, statistical mechanics, condensed matter physics, black hole thermodynamics). First, I will introduce the physical model and explain its relevance for practical applications. Second, I will explain how the statistical ensemble of quantum states can naturally be described through the methods of random matrix theory. Third and finally, I review a number of new results describing the typical properties (e.g., average, variance) of the entanglement entropy for various ensembles of quantum states (general vs. Gaussian, arbitrary vs. fixed particle number). [based on arXiv:2112.06959 and arXiv:2103.05416]

Stefan Eccles, OIST - 7 Feb 2022

Title: Information spreading in chaotic quantum systems

Abstract: In chaotic quantum systems, information that is initially localized will generically spread and become inaccessible to local measurements. I discuss some tools for quantifying the rate at information spreads, and advocate a conceptual framework for viewing the process via an analogy with the Hayden-Preskill protocol of information recovery from black holes.

Phuc Nguyen, City University of New York and University of Haifa - 1 Feb 2022

Title: Scrambling and the black hole atmosphere

Abstract: We argue that the scrambling time is the same, up to a numerical factor in three or more spacetime dimensions, as the time for the atmosphere to fall across the horizon or escape, to be replaced by new atmosphere. We propose that these times agree because the physical scrambling process is part and parcel of the atmosphere refreshment process. We provide some support for this relation also in two dimensions, but the atmosphere is not as localized, so the argument is less justified.

Laurent Freidel, Perimeter Institute - 10 Dec 2021

Title: Local Holography: A quantum gravity paradigm to construct gravitational subsystems

Abstract: In this talk I will present a new perspective about the decomposition of gravitational systems into subsystems called local holography. I will emphasize the central role played by what we call the corner symmetry group in capturing all the necessary data need to glue back seamlessly quantum spacetime regions. I will explain some of the key results we have achieved in the construction of the representations of these groups. If time permits I will explain a new result about the canonical description of open gravitational systems and the relations of this approach with celestial holography.

Robert Oeckl, UNAM - 7 Dec 2021

Title: Hands on with the positive formalism

Abstract: This talk is meant as an application-oriented overview of the positive formalism. One emphasis is on its relation to frameworks from classical statistical mechanics, quantum foundations/information, quantum field theory and quantum gravity. The other emphasis is on simple and concrete examples from these different fields.

Slava Lysov, OIST - 15 Nov 2021

Title: Phase space on surface with the boundary via symplectic reduction

Abstract: In my talk I will briefly review the symplectic reduction construction for the phase space of the gauge theory using BF theory as an example. Then I will talk about possible problems and consistency conditions related to extension of the symplectic reduction construction for the Cauchy slices with boundary. I will perform the symplectic reduction in presence of boundary and show that results obey consistency conditions and match with symplectic spaces constructed by other methods.

Francesco Sartini, ENS Lyon - 8 Nov 2021

Title: Hidden symmetries in black holes

Abstract: The spacetime in the interior of a black hole can be described by an homogeneous line element, for which the Einstein–Hilbert action reduces to a one-dimensional mechanical model. We have shown that this model exhibits a symmetry under the (2+1)-dimensional Poincaré group. The existence of this symmetry unravels new aspects of symmetry for black holes, and opens the way towards a rigorous group quantization of the interior, which in turn provide a powerful tool to discriminate between different regularization schemes. Remarkably, the physical ISO(2,1) symmetry can be seen as a broken infinite-dimensional symmetry. This is done by reinterpreting the action for the model as a geometric action for the BMS3 group, where the configuration space variables are elements of the algebra bms3 and the equations of motion transform as coadjoint vectors.

Yasha Neiman, OIST - 27 Oct 2021

Title: A microscopic derivation of the quantum measurement postulates

Abstract: There is a disconnect between the "quantum foundations" community and practicing quantum physicists. Since the foundations community is incapable of agreeing on anything, the outside world is left with the impression that they accomplished nothing. Fortunately, this impression is false. In this talk, I will package some ideas from the foundations community into a neat derivation of the Copenhagen measurement postulates from a simple & explicit microscopic model. Because of the disconnect mentioned above, practising physicists tend to find this construction surprising and enlightening, while foundations people find it simultaneously false, trivial, misguided, naive, pointless and unoriginal. Come and find out which community you belong to!

Fabio Anza, UC Davis - 19 Oct 2021

Title: Quantum Physics of Information

Abstract: In this talk I will present a series of ideas and results coming out of my efforts to exploit differential-geometric tools to tackle many body quantum systems and, in particular, characterize the information theoretic properties of their dynamics. After a broad but brief look at the idea behind the physics of information, I will give an introduction to geometric quantum mechanics, discuss its relevance for thermodynamics how I intend to leverage it to address the out-of-equilibrium physics of many-body quantum systems.

Eduardo Testé, UCSB - 12 Oct 2021

Title: Mutual information superadditivity and unitarity bounds

Abstract: We derive the property of strong superadditivity of mutual information arising from the Markov property of the vacuum state in a conformal field theory and strong subadditivity of entanglement entropy. We show this inequality encodes unitarity bounds for different types of fields. These unitarity bounds are precisely the ones that saturate for free fields. This has a natural explanation in terms of the possibility of localizing algebras on null surfaces. A particular continuity property of mutual information characterizes free fields from the entropic point of view. We derive a general formula for the leading long distance term of the mutual information for regions of arbitrary shape which involves the modular flow of these regions. We obtain the general form of this leading term for two spheres with arbitrary orientations in spacetime, and for primary fields of any tensor representation. For free fields we further obtain the explicit form of the leading term for arbitrary regions with boundaries on null cones.

Djordje Racidevic, Brandeis - 4 Oct 2021

Title: An Introduction to the Lattice-Continuum Correspondence

Abstract: I will describe a simple and explicit way to construct continuum quantum field theories out of finite, nonperturbatively well defined lattice theories. This formalizes decades of intuition, leads to new definitions of various QFT concepts, and provides new insights into phase diagrams, dualities, and inherent limitations of well known QFTs. I will give a gentle formal introduction to this procedure, and will pick a few simple examples to illustrate it. Topics I may discuss (time permitting) include phases of clock models and Abelian gauge theories, the Noether theorem for discrete symmetries, lattice origins of contact terms and induced Chern-Simons actions, global anomalies in lattice QED, and new definitions of supersymmetric QFTs.

Juan Pedraza, University of Barcelona - 27 Sep 2021

Title: Lorentzian threads and holographic complexity

Abstract: The continuous min flow-max cut principle is used to reformulate the 'complexity=volume' conjecture using Lorentzian flows. Conceptually, discretized flows are interpreted in terms of `gatelines' that connect to a tensor network, such that the bulk calculation matches its information-theoretic definition. The bulk symplectic potential provides a 'canonical' configuration characterizing perturbations around arbitrary CFT states. Its consistency requires the bulk to obey linearized Einstein's equations, which are shown to be equivalent to the holographic first law of complexity, thereby advocating a notion of 'spacetime complexity'. Finally, we explain the need for a more general measure of complexity that captures the role of suboptimal flows or tensor network configurations. This talk is based on 2105.12735 and 2106.12585.

Etera Livine, ENS Lyon - 17 May 2021

Title: Bulk-boundary in loop quantum gravity

Abstract: I will discuss the notions of bulk spin network states and spin network boundary states and how they can be used to formulate the questions of holography and coarse-graining in the framework of loop quantum gravity.

Ana Alonso-Serrano, AEI Potsdam - 12 Apr 2021

Title: Quantum gravity phenomenology from thermodynamics of spacetime

Abstract: This work is based on the formalism developed in thermodynamics of spacetime to derive Einstein's equations from the proportionality of entropy with the area. When low energy quantum gravity effects are considered, an extra logarithmic term in the area is added to the entropy expression. Here, I will present the derivation of the quantum modified gravitational dynamics from this modified entropy and discuss its main features. Furthermore, I will outline the application of the modified dynamics to cosmology, suggesting the replacement of the Big Bang singularity by a regular bounce.

Christophe Goeller, ENS de Lyon - 22 Mar 2021

Title: A finite construction of asymptotic symmetries in 3D gravity

Abstract: In this talk, I will review the construction of the boundary symmetry algebra in first order 3D gravity in its most general framework, namely via the Mielke-Baekler Lagrangian, allowing for a source of curvature and torsion. I will show how the study of the current algebra and its associated Sugawara construction allows for two notions of quadratic charges: the usual diffeomorphism and its "dual". I will discuss their resulting algebra and its relation with the usual construction of the asymptotic boundary algebra. I will show that properties that are often associated to the asymptotic case, namely the construction of the double copy of Virasoro (or BMS in the flat limit) as symmetry algebra are in fact already present at finite distance.

Aldo Riello, UL Brussels - 1 Mar 2021, 8 Mar 2021

Title: Edge modes without edge modes: cutting and gluing in Yang-Mills gauge theory

Abstract: In this two-part talk, I will discuss gauge theories of the Yang-Mills kind in finite regions with boundaries.

In the first talk, I will address the “cutting problem”, namely the problem of giving a definition of the gauge-invariant degrees of freedom (dof) intrinsic to a finite and bounded region. By analyzing the symplectic reduction procedure in the presence of boundaries, and how boundaries interact with the Gauss constraint, I will show that the reduced phase space is not a symplectic space, but a symplectic foliation whose leaves correspond to electric-flux superselection sectors. In each superselection sector, the relevant dof are a regional generalization of the usual radiative dof (i.e. transverse photons). Key to obtaining this result is our indiscriminate treatment of bulk and boundary gauge transformations, which means no "edge modes" are ever introduced. The absence of edge modes, however, could raise the suspicion that some crucial information is missing, e.g. in relation to one’s ability to reconstruct the global radiative dof from the regional ones. This concern will be addressed in the second talk.

Indeed, in the second talk I will address the two-fold “gluing problem”. Whereas the first gluing problem concerns the reconstruction of the (usual) global radiative dof from the regional dof in each superselection sector, the second gluing problem is the well-known problem of explaining the non-factorizability of the gauge-invariant phase space over regions, namely the emergence, upon gluing, of new (gauge invariant) dof. Absent edge modes, only the regional radiative dof in each superselection sector are available in the discussion of the first and second gluing problems. But this raises an “edge-modes-without-edge-modes" puzzle: if all global radiative dof are reconstructible from their regional counterparts, how can new dof emerge upon gluing? My goal for this second talk will be to explain the resolution of the “edge-modes-without-edge-modes” puzzle. The resolution relies on the nonlocal nature of the regional radiative dof and on the relational nature of the new reconstructed dof. One of this new dof is the electric flux itself: understanding its reconstruction will shed further light on its superselection.

The main reference for this talk are: 2010.15894 for part 1, and section 6 of 2007.04013 (with H . Gomes) for pat 2. Note: whereas these papers strive for generality, in the talk I will for the most part focus on Maxwell theory, which, being Abelian, allows for a much simpler treatment. Only brief references will be made to the non-Abelian theory, aimed at emphasizing its extra features.

Josh Kirklin, OIST - 25 Feb 2021

Title: Uhlmann Phase, Black Hole Information and Holography

Abstract: In the 1980s, Armin Uhlmann described a natural generalisation of Berry phase to mixed states which has come to be known as Uhlmann phase. I will describe a series of recent results characterising the Uhlmann phase of subsystems in quantum gravity. First, assuming replica wormholes contribute to the path integral, I will show that measurements of the Uhlmann phase of Hawking radiation allows one to reconstruct the phase space of the interior of a black hole (past the Page time), providing a protocol for the recovery of all infalling classical information. This is a generalisation of a previous result concerning entanglement wedges in holography. Next, I describe a path integral formula for the Uhlmann phase of a generic highly entangled system, explaining how it appears to inevitably involve an extra dimension generated by modular flow, despite a lack of any holographic assumptions. Finally, I comment on the operational meaning of Uhlmann phase, and how it's significance may relate to decoherence.

Isha Kotecha, OIST - 18 Feb 2021

Title: Generalised Gibbs States and Application in Discrete Quantum Gravity

Abstract: Equilibrium Gibbs states are undeniably important in statistical descriptions of macroscopic systems with many underlying microscopic degrees of freedom. They are expected to be important also in discrete quantum gravity approaches, where classical continuum spacetime is thought to emerge from the collective physics of some underlying quantum degrees of freedom. However, what equilibrium even means in a background independent context is a foundational open issue. In this talk, I discuss a generalisation of Gibbs states potentially suitable for such contexts, and emphasise on a thermodynamical characterisation based on the maximum entropy principle. The resultant setup is then applied to discrete quantum gravity, by modelling a quantum spacetime as a many-body system of candidate quanta of geometry, and utilising their field theoretic formulation of group field theory (GFT). This leads to the construction of several different concrete examples of quantum gravitational generalised Gibbs states. I then present a class of inequivalent thermal representations induced by a class of these generalised Gibbs states. The corresponding non-perturbative thermal vacua are thermofield double states. An interesting class of condensates, thermal coherent states, encoding fluctuations in quantum geometry are defined in this thermal Hilbert space. Finally, thermal coherent states associated with a spatial volume operator are applied in GFT cosmology, to extract an effective flat FLRW relational dynamics from a class of free GFT models. Friedmann equations are recovered at late times, with a bounce and accelerated expansion at early times. The expansion phase admits an increased number of e-folds as a direct consequence of using thermal condensates, instead of pure (zero temperature) condensates as done in past studies.

Fabio Mele, OIST - 11 Feb 2021

Title: Cosmological and Black Hole Singularities in Effective Loop Quantum Gravity

Abstract: The fate of gravitational singularities in a theory surpassing classical General Relativity are puzzling questions that have generated a great deal of interest among various quantum gravity approaches. Among them, recent efforts have been devoted in the framework of Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) to construct effective symmetry-reduced models of cosmological and black hole spacetimes where quantum corrections to the geometry are captured by a phase space regularisation motivated by the LQG polymer quantum representation. In the resulting effective spacetime, quantum effects induce an upper bound on curvature invariants, the classical singularity is resolved by a quantum bounce, and classical geometry is recovered at low curvatures. In this talk, after briefly reviewing how the procedure works for a simple cosmological example, I will present a new effective model for Schwarzschild black holes based on new canonical variables directly related to curvature. Dirac observables, structure of the resulting effective spacetime, and (if time allows) quantum corrections to the relevant thermodynamic quantities will be then discussed.

Qi Hu, Perimeter - 23 Dec 2020

Title: Emergent universality in critical quantum spin chains: entanglement Virasoro algebra

Abstract: Entanglement entropy and entanglement spectrum have been widely used to characterize quantum entanglement in extended many-body systems. Given a pure state of the system and a division into regions A and B, they can be obtained in terms of the Schmidt values, or eigenvalues λα of the reduced density matrix ρ_A for region A. In this paper we draw attention instead to the Schmidt vectors, or eigenvectors |vα⟩ of ρ_A. We consider the ground state of critical quantum spin chains whose low energy/long distance physics is described by an emergent conformal field theory (CFT). We show that the Schmidt vectors |vα⟩ display an emergent universal structure, corresponding to a realization of the Virasoro algebra of a boundary CFT (a chiral version of the original CFT). Indeed, we build weighted sums Hn of the lattice Hamiltonian density h_{j,j+1} over region A and show that the matrix elements ⟨vα |Hn |vα′ ⟩ are universal, up to finite-size corrections. More concretely, these matrix elements are given by an analogous expression for (Ln + L−n)/2 in the boundary CFT, where Ln’s are (one copy of) the Virasoro generators. We numerically confirm our results using the critical Ising quantum spin chain and other (free-fermion equivalent) models.

Gabriel Wong, Fudan - 23 Dec 2020

Title: Entanglement edge modes, extended TQFT, and generalized entropy

Abstract: In semi-classical Euclidean gravity, black holes behave like thermal objects with a generalized entropy that satisfies the second law of thermodynamics. It has been conjectured that generalized entropy can be identified with entanglement entropy in quantum gravity, with the leading area term arising from the entropy of entanglement edge modes. In this talk, we review an approach to understanding this conjecture using the framework of extended topological quantum field theory (TQFT). We use two-dimensional Yang Mills as a paradigmatic example in which a notion of generalized entropy can be defined that is analogous to generalized entropy in Euclidean gravity. Applying extended TQFT techniques, we define a factorization of the Hilbert space which leads to entanglement edge modes whose entropy reproduces the area term for the generalized entropy. Time permitting we will discuss applications of this frame work to topological string theory and conformal field theory.

Pushkal Shrivastava, IIS Bengaluru - 23 Dec 2020

Title: Holographic encoding of information in asymptotically flat spacetimes

Abstract: Quantum gravity is widely expected to be holographic. In fact, holography in asymptotically anti-de-Sitter spacetimes has been studied extensively in the context of AdS/CFT correspondence for over two decades. However, our understanding of holography in asymptotically flat spacetimes is still rudimentary. In this seminar, I will explore the holographic encoding of information in 4-d asymptotically flat spacetimes. I will argue that all information about massless excitations can be obtained from an infinitesimal neighborhood of the past boundary of future null infinity. This result is in stark contrast to local quantum field theories, where the measurements over all of the null infinity are required to determine the state. Finally, I will discuss the implications for the black hole information paradox.

Yuri Lensky, Stanford - 22 Dec 2020

Title: Tuning the dual boundary in large-q SYK

Abstract: The AdS/CFT duality has taught us much about how to embed gravitational physics in quantum mechanical models. Many questions in quantum gravity can be given concrete formulations and answers in this framework, but one aspect that remains mysterious is the region behind the black hole horizon. We try to take a step in understanding the spacetime in this region by a detailed analysis of a 2D "toy" version of this problem; a coupled model where the two sides of the black hole are put in causal contact at late time (using ideas from [Gao-Jafferis-Wall] and [Maldacena-Qi]). We first give a full solution of the boundary model, a pair of time-dependently coupled Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) dots. We then give bulk interpretations to our solution, and find important corrections to the naive bulk description are necessary in the region causally disconnected from the 2D "black hole" boundaries.

Stefan Eccles, UT Austin - 21 Dec 2020

Title: Holographic Complexity as Volume

Abstract: In the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence, the Complexity = Volume conjecture posits that the volume of a certain extremal bulk Cauchy slice is dual to the quantum circuit complexity of a corresponding CFT state. In this talk I will review the motivation for this conjecture and discuss its strengths and challenges. I’ll cover various geometric results about the behavior of maximal bulk slices in black hole spacetimes, and view the conjecture in light of a “volume flow current” which can be defined, given a bulk foliation by maximal volume slices.

Ronak Soni, Stanford - 17 Dec 2020

Title: Seeing the Entanglement Wedge

Abstract: We study the problem of revealing the entanglement wedge using simple operations. We ask what operation a semiclassical observer can do to bring the entanglement wedge into causal contact with the boundary, via backreaction. In a generic perturbative class of states, we propose a unitary operation in the causal wedge whose backreaction brings all of the previously causally inaccessible `peninsula' into causal contact with the boundary. This class of cases includes entanglement wedges associated to boundary sub-regions that are unions of disjoint spherical caps, and the protocol works to first order in the size of the peninsula. The unitary is closely related to the so-called Connes Cocycle flow, which is a unitary that is both well-defined in QFT and localised to a sub-region. Our construction requires a generalization of the work by Ceyhan & Faulkner to regions which are unions of disconnected spherical caps. We argue that this cocycle should be thought of as naturally generalizing the non-local coupling introduced in the work of Gao, Jafferis & Wall.

Juan Margalef Bentabol, Penn State - 16 Dec 2020

Title: Geometric formulation of covariant phase methods with boundary

Abstract: In physics, one standard way to study and understand a theory is through its dynamical formulation. Whenever possible, this is obtained by considering some initial conditions and evolving them through the dynamical equations of the theory. One gets then a curve over the space of initial conditions which codifies the evolution. This approach is useful in many settings, including General Relativity (ADM, numerical relativity, gravitational waves...), however, it also has some limitations. Namely, to understand some non-local concepts such as black holes and their properties (e.g. spin, energy, or entropy) one runs into some complications. Another approach is to study the space of solutions where each point represents a whole solution of the theory. For well-posed problems, this space is equivalent to the space of initial conditions (each initial condition gives rise to one and only one solution) although in general there would be some gauge degeneracy (the solution is determined up to some gauge transformation). In this talk, I will present this latter approach in what is known as the Covariant Phase Space methods. In particular, I will show how to construct a presymplectic structure over the space of solutions canonically associated with the action of the theory. The novelty of our work is that we consider the manifold with boundary, which adds several difficulties that had not been solved before.

Andreas Blommaert, Stanford - 14 Dec 2020

Title: Wormholes and cluster decomposition

Abstract: We discuss the role of wormholes and branes in reconciling geometry with quantum mechanics. This will be based on recent developments in JT gravity, an analytically solvable model of two-dimensional quantum gravity. First, we will see how wormholes enable geometry to accurate capture averaged properties of late time correlators of chaotic quantum systems. Then we explain based on general intuition the effects of wormholes on large distance correlators in quantum gravity. We reproduce these effects by carefully defining diff invariant bulk matter observables in JT gravity and computing the corresponding amplitudes. Finally, we mention that microstructure of the dual quantum mechanics is represented in bulk JT gravity by some background spacetime branes.

Andrea Di Biagio, Sapienza Universita di Roma - 4 Dec 2020

Title: Can We Think Timelessly About Causation?

Abstract: We often say that quantum mechanics allows to calculate the probability of future events. In fact, quantum mechanics does not discriminate between predicting the future or postdicting the past. I will present the results of a recent work by Rovelli, Donà and me, where we address the apparent tension between the time symmetry of elementary quantum mechanics and the intrinsic time orientation of the formulations of quantum theory used in the quantum information and foundations communities. Additionally, I will sketch a way to think time symmetrically about causality in quantum theory by using the new notion of a causal-inferential theory recently proposed by Schimd, Selby and Spekkens.

ChunJun Cao, University of Maryland - 2 Dec 2020

Title: Towards emergent space-time in approximate quantum error correction codes

Abstract: In AdS/CFT, the bulk space-time geometry and gravitational interactions can emerge from the boundary CFT. In this talk, I will touch on two related topics on how space-time and gravity can emerge from approximate quantum error correction codes. We will first construct an efficiently decodable holographic quantum code that reproduces certain properties of AdS/CFT, such as the Ryu-Takayanagi formula and subregion duality, much like other known holographic codes. However, the code becomes approximate when "coherent noise" is injected, allowing it to capture features analogous to those of gravity, such as back-reaction, subspace-dependence, and approximate bulk locality. I will then explain how entanglement data extracted from such kind of systems can be used to determine whether the bulk has a well-defined emergent geometry. When the bulk is "geometric", we show that one can explicitly reconstruct the spatial metric tensor through numerical methods.

Alex May, University of British Columbia - 25 Nov 2020

Title: An Operational Approach to Holography

Abstract: Quantum tasks are quantum computations which have inputs and outputs that occur at designated spacetime locations. Understanding when tasks are possible to complete, and what resources are required to complete them, captures spacetime-specific aspects of quantum information. In this talk we explore how quantum tasks can be used to capture operational implications of the holographic principle. In the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence we find this operational approach leads to a novel connection between causal features of bulk geometry and boundary entanglement.