Yuliya Kulikova

SARS-CoV-2 transmission, vaccination rate and the fate of resistant strains (with Simon Rella, Fyodor Kondrashov and Manolis Dermitzakis)

Scientific Reports 11, 15729 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95025-3

Vaccines are thought to be the best available solution for controlling the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. However, the emergence of vaccine-resistant strains may come too rapidly for current vaccine developments to alleviate the health, economic and social consequences of the pandemic. To quantify and characterize the risk of such a scenario, we created a SIR-derived model with initial stochastic dynamics of the vaccine-resistant strain to study the probability of its emergence and establishment. Using parameters realistically resembling SARS-CoV-2 transmission, we model a wave-like pattern of the pandemic and consider the impact of the rate of vaccination and the strength of non-pharmaceutical intervention measures on the probability of emergence of a resistant strain. We found a counterintuitive result that the highest probability for the establishment of the resistant strain comes at a time of reduced non-pharmaceutical intervention measures when most individuals of the population have been vaccinated. Consequently, we show that a period of transmission reduction close to the end of the vaccination campaign can substantially reduce the probability of resistant strain establishment. Our results suggest that policymakers and individuals should consider maintaining non-pharmaceutical interventions throughout the entire vaccination period.

Marriage and Health: Selection, Protection, and Assortative Mating (with Nezih Guner and Joan Llull)

European Economic Review, Volume 104, May 2018, Pages 138-166

Reprint in European Economic Review Special Issue on Gender Differences in Labor Market, Volume 109, October 2018, Pages 162-190. Previously circulated under the title"Does Marriage Make You Healthier?"

We use the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) to study the relationship between marriage and health for working-age (20 to 64) individuals. In both data sets married agents are healthier than unmarried ones, and the health gap between married and unmarried agents widens by age. After controlling for observables, a gap of about 12 percentage points in self-reported health persists for ages 55-59. We estimate the marriage health gap non-parametrically as a function of age. If we allow for unobserved heterogeneity in innate permanent health, potentially correlated with timing and likelihood of marriage, we find that the effect of marriage on health disappears at younger (20-39) ages, while about 6 percentage points difference between married and unmarried individuals, about half of the total gap, remains at older (55-59) ages. These results indicate that association between marriage and health is mainly driven by selection into marriage at younger ages, while there might be a protective effect of marriage at older ages. We analyze how selection and protective effects of marriage show up in the data.

Does the Added Worker Effect Matter? (with Nezih Guner and Arnau Valladares-Esteban)

CERP Discussion Paper 14346 / IZA Discussion Paper 12923 / Banco de España Working Paper 2113. A previous version of this paper was circulated under the title "Labor Market Dynamics of Married Couples"

The added worker effect (AWE) measures the entry of individuals into the labor force due to their partners' job loss. We propose a new method to calculate the AWE, which allows us to estimate its effect on any labor market outcome. We show that the AWE reduces the fraction of households with two non-employed members. The AWE also accounts for why women's employment is less cyclical and more symmetric compared to men. In recessions, while some women lose their employment, others enter the labor market and find jobs. This keeps the female employment relatively stable.

Health Policies and Intergenerational Mobility

Each year the U.S. government spends about 2% of its GDP on Medicaid, its main means-tested health insurance program. In June 2013, over 28 million children were enrolled in Medicaid. What are the implications of such a large-scale policy intervention for intergenerational mobility and inequality? While the role of education and education policies received a lot of attention in the literature on intergenerational mobility, almost nothing is known on how medical policies affect intergenerational mobility and inequality. This is rather surprising, since health, like education, is highly persistent across generations and health of children have an important impact on how they perform in school. In this paper, I develop and estimate a human-capital based overlapping generations model of household decisions that take into account multidimensionality and dynamic nature of human capital investments. I distinguish two forms of human capital: health capital and human capital, and model explicitly government policies in education and health. The counterfactual simulations show that health policies is an important determinant of intergenerational mobility of income across generations for agents of the bottom of income distribution and there are important interactions between health and education policies.

Family-Friendly Policies and Fertility: What Firms Got to Do With It? (with Olympia Bover, Nezih Guner, Alessandro Ruggieri and Carlos Sanz)

Family-friendly policies are meant to help women balance work and family life and to encourage them to enter and stay in the labor market. Implicitly or explicitly, such policies also encourage fertility since having a child makes the balancing act much harder for working women. How effective are such policies in increasing fertility? We answer this question using a search model where firms make hiring, promotion, and firing decisions. In the model, all jobs start as temporary with a low firing cost, and if a promotion takes place, they become permanent with a higher firing cost. Women decide whether or not to participate in the labor market and, if they do, whether or not to accept offers from firms, accumulating human capital as they work. They also decide how many children to have and when to have them. Hiring a woman is costly for a firm, both directly, in production, and indirectly, through high turnover. The analysis focuses on Spain, a country with very low fertility and a highly-regulated labor market. We use administrative data from the Spanish Social Security records to discipline the model and to evaluate the effects of the Family Reconciliation Act of 1999, which allowed workers with children younger than 6 years old to work part-time and be protected against dismissals or layoffs. Finally, we use the model to study a battery of policies that make firing and promotion harder or easier for women. We show that firms' reactions to family-friendly policies generate a trade-off: policies that increase fertility result in lower average earnings, and larger gender wage gap.

The interplay of (higher) transmission rates and vaccine resistance in the evolution of novel SARS-CoV-2 strains (with Fyodor Kondrashov and Simon Rella)

With the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic the issue of controlling the evolution and spread of novel variants is becoming very important. There are three main factors of particular epidemiological concern: higher infectivity, immunogenic drift (vaccine resistance), and increased virulence. Unless higher virulence comes together with higher infectivity (pleiotropy), higher virulence strains are not expected under natural selection, we thus focus on the interplay of infectivity and vaccine resistance in this paper. So far, we have seen a number of new strains that have emerged, with the most striking epidemiological factor of increased infectivity. Indeed, delta appears more infectious than the original strain, which has further been trumped by omicron. By contrast, vaccine escape of these new strains has not been as drastic, although still present. We build a SIR-derived model (as in our previous work, Rella et al. 2021) with initial stochastic dynamics for the new strains to study the probability of their emergence and establishment. Our setup allows us to quickly assess the dynamics of emerging strains while maintaining the realism of the stochastic nature of population genetic processes that determine the fates of rare alleles in the population. At the same time, our setup allows testing the effect of vaccine hesitancy on the evolution of new strains and the effect of different non-pharmaceutical interventions to control the spread of the pandemic. Which one of the two strains will win in the population? It is not a simple question because an emerging pandemic is not in an equilibrium state, with the number of infections coming in waves, the number of vaccinated and recovered people increasing over time, immunity vanishing over time, and different countries imposing different policies to control the spread of the pandemic. We study how infectivity, vaccine resistance, vaccination rates, and non-pharmaceutical interventions interact in the process, affecting the selective advantage of different strains. Our main result is that until the virus reaches some higher limit of infectivity, vaccine-resistant variants will continue to be eliminated from the population.