Yuliya Kulikova

Publications

NEW! Does the Added Worker Effect Matter?  (with Nezih Guner and Arnau Valladares-Esteban) 

Review of Economic Dynamics, Volume 56, 2025, 101271, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2025.101271

CERP Discussion Paper 14346 / IZA Discussion Paper 12923 / Banco de España Working Paper 2113

In the US, the likelihood of a married woman entering the labor force in a given month increases by 60% if her husband loses his job, known as the added worker effect. However, only 1.5% to 3.5% of married women entering the labor force in a given month can be added workers. This raises the question of whether the added worker effect can significantly impact aggregate labor market outcomes. Building on Shimer (2012), we introduce a new methodology to evaluate how joint transitions of married couples across labor market states affect aggregate participation, employment, and unemployment rates. Our results show that the added worker effect significantly impacts aggregate outcomes, increasing married women's participation and employment by 0.72 and 0.65 percentage points each month. Additionally, the added worker effect reduces the cyclicality of married women's participation and unemployment, lowering the correlation between GDP's cyclical components and participation by 4.5 percentage points and unemployment by 8 percentage points.

A previous version of this paper was circulated under the title "Labor Market Dynamics of Married Couples"

Replication Package

 

NEW! Complex vaccination strategies prevent the emergence of vaccine resistance (with Simon Rella, Aygul Minnegalieva and Fyodor Kondrashov) 

Evolution, Volume 78, Issue 10, 1 October 2024, Pages 1722–1738, https://doi.org/10.1093/evolut/qpae106 

Vaccination is the most effective tool to control infectious diseases. However, the evolution of vaccine resistance, exemplified by vaccine-resistance in SARS-CoV-2, remains a concern. Here, we model complex vaccination strategies against a pathogen with multiple epitopes - molecules targeted by the vaccine. We found that a vaccine targeting one epitope was ineffective in preventing vaccine resistance. Vaccine resistance in highly infectious pathogens was prevented by the full-epitope vaccine, one targeting all available epitopes, but only when the rate of pathogen evolution was low. Strikingly, a bet-hedging strategy of random administration of vaccines targeting different epitopes was the most effective in preventing vaccine resistance in pathogens with low rate of infection and high rate of evolution. Thus, complex vaccination strategies, when biologically feasible, may be preferable to the currently used single-vaccine approaches for long-term control of disease outbreaks, especially when applied to livestock with near 100% vaccination rates.

 

SARS-CoV-2 transmission, vaccination rate and the fate of resistant strains (with Simon Rella, Fyodor Kondrashov and Manolis Dermitzakis) 

Scientific Reports 11, 15729 (2021)  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95025-3

Vaccines are thought to be the best available solution for controlling the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. However, the emergence of vaccine-resistant strains may come too rapidly for current vaccine developments to alleviate the health, economic and social consequences of the pandemic. To quantify and characterize the risk of such a scenario, we created a SIR-derived model with initial stochastic dynamics of the vaccine-resistant strain to study the probability of its emergence and establishment. Using parameters realistically resembling SARS-CoV-2 transmission, we model a wave-like pattern of the pandemic and consider the impact of the rate of vaccination and the strength of non-pharmaceutical intervention measures on the probability of emergence of a resistant strain. We found a counterintuitive result that the highest probability for the establishment of the resistant strain comes at a time of reduced non-pharmaceutical intervention measures when most individuals of the population have been vaccinated. Consequently, we show that a period of transmission reduction close to the end of the vaccination campaign can substantially reduce the probability of resistant strain establishment. Our results suggest that policymakers and individuals should consider maintaining non-pharmaceutical interventions throughout the entire vaccination period.

 

Marriage and Health: Selection, Protection, and Assortative Mating (with Nezih Guner and Joan Llull)

European Economic Review, Volume 104, May 2018, Pages 138-166

Reprint in European Economic Review Special Issue on Gender Differences in Labor Market, Volume 109, October 2018, Pages 162-190

We use the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) to study the relationship between marriage and health for working-age (20 to 64) individuals. In both data sets married agents are healthier than unmarried ones, and the health gap between married and unmarried agents widens by age. After controlling for observables, a gap of about 12 percentage points in self-reported health persists for ages 55-59. We estimate the marriage health gap non-parametrically as a function of age. If we allow for unobserved heterogeneity in innate permanent health, potentially correlated with timing and likelihood of marriage, we find that the effect of marriage on health disappears at younger (20-39) ages, while about 6 percentage points difference between married and unmarried individuals, about half of the total gap, remains at older (55-59) ages. These results indicate that association between marriage and health is mainly driven by selection into marriage at younger ages, while there might be a protective effect of marriage at older ages. We analyze how selection and protective effects of marriage show up in the data.

 

Health Policies and Intergenerational Mobility

Each year the U.S. government spends about 2% of its GDP on Medicaid, its main means-tested health insurance program. In June 2013, over 28 million children were enrolled in Medicaid. What are the implications of such a large-scale policy intervention for intergenerational mobility and inequality? While the role of education and education policies received a lot of attention in the literature on intergenerational mobility, almost nothing is known on how medical policies affect intergenerational mobility and inequality. This is rather surprising, since health, like education, is highly persistent across generations and health of children have an important impact on how they perform in school. In this paper, I develop and estimate a human-capital based overlapping generations model of household decisions that take into account multidimensionality and dynamic nature of human capital investments. I distinguish two forms of human capital: health capital and human capital, and model explicitly government policies in education and health. The counterfactual simulations show that health policies is an important determinant of intergenerational mobility of income across generations for agents of the bottom of income distribution and there are important interactions between health and education policies.

 

Family-Friendly Policies and Fertility: What Firms Got to Do With It? (with Olympia Bover, Nezih Guner, Alessandro Ruggieri and Carlos Sanz)

Family-friendly policies are meant to help women balance work and family life and to encourage them to enter and stay in the labor market. Implicitly or explicitly, such policies also encourage fertility since having a child makes the balancing act much harder for working women. How effective are such policies in increasing fertility? We answer this question using a search model where firms make hiring, promotion, and firing decisions. In the model, all jobs start as temporary with a low firing cost, and if a promotion takes place, they become permanent with a higher firing cost. Women decide whether or not to participate in the labor market and, if they do, whether or not to accept offers from firms, accumulating human capital as they work. They also decide how many children to have and when to have them. Hiring a woman is costly for a firm, both directly, in production, and indirectly, through high turnover. The analysis focuses on Spain, a country with very low fertility and a highly-regulated labor market. We use administrative data from the Spanish Social Security records to discipline the model and to evaluate the effects of the Family Reconciliation Act of 1999, which allowed workers with children younger than 6 years old to work part-time and be protected against dismissals or layoffs. Finally, we use the model to study a battery of policies that make firing and promotion harder or easier for women. We show that firms' reactions to family-friendly policies generate a trade-off: policies that increase fertility result in lower average earnings, and larger gender wage gap.

Life is About Timing: Health Shocks and Socioeconomic Inequality Across the Life Cycle  (with Sonja Spitzer, Vanessa di Lego, Michael Kuhn and Jana Ströbinger)

A series of papers on the role of major health shocks (such as cancer or cardiovascular disease) on labor market trajectories, healthy life years, and mortality, using Austrian Micro Data Center data. Financed by the COI-NEXT grant.